Estate planning addresses many issues, from who inherits your property or handles your finances to who takes care of you if you’re incapacitated to who manages funds for a disabled child. Unfortunately, there are many myths around estate planning, as explained in the recent article “Debunking the Top 10 estate planning myths” from Insurance News Net.

Only wealthy people need estate planning. This is easily the biggest myth of estate planning. Estate planning addresses planning for incapacity and taking care of your legal and financial affairs if you can’t. It also includes planning for end-of-life care and delineating what medical procedures you want and don’t want. Estate planning also creates a plan for families with minor children, if something should happen to parents.

Having a will means avoiding probate. Probate is the court process where the court reviews your will, establishes its validity and allows your executor to administer the estate. If your goal is minimizing or avoiding probate, talk with an estate planning attorney about retitling assets and creating trusts.

You need a trust to avoid probate. A trust is only one way to avoid probate. You could consider titling assets as joint tenants with rights of survivorship, although there are risks involved in doing so. Depending on your state of residence, you might also consider various transfer-on-death arrangements. Assets with beneficiary designations, like IRAs, 401(k)s, annuities, and other financial accounts, pass directly to beneficiaries.  You might also give away assets while you are living.

Putting a house in joint and survivorship ownership with an adult child will avoid probate. You may avoid probate. However, you create tremendous risk with this move. If your adult child becomes a half-owner, you’ll need their okay—and their spouse’s approval, too—to sell the house. You won’t qualify for the tax-free sale of your personal residence on half of the sale proceeds, unless your child also qualifies. If your child has financial problems or undergoes a divorce, their half ownership could be attached by creditors or be owned by an ex-spouse.

My will says who will inherit my IRA. The beneficiary designation on IRAs, life insurance and retirement accounts, and any account with a beneficiary designation overrides whatever your will says. The will does not control annuities, payable on death accounts, or transfer on death accounts and affidavits. You should check these forms periodically to ensure that the funds go where you want them to go.

I don’t need a will if my beneficiary forms are correct. However, you still need a will. For example, if a child dies before you, what happens to the assets if they were the beneficiaries? What happens to assets if a beneficiary is not of legal age and cannot inherit the money directly? Who makes decisions if there are multiple children and real estate decisions that need to be made? What if an adult child has a debt problem? Who will pay your final expenses? These are just a few issues that are addressed by wills.

A revocable trust will protect assets if I enter a nursing home. Totally wrong. Medicaid planning usually involves an Irrevocable Trust to protect assets. Revocable trusts will not make you eligible for nursing home care.

Trusts avoid probate. Assets in a trust don’t go through probate. However, it is only if the trust is funded. Assets must be immediately placed in the trust, usually through re-titling, or postmortem through beneficiary designations. Otherwise, the assets go through probate.

If my will says, “per stirpes,” my grandchildren will inherit assets if my adult children die first. This oversimplification of a complex issue is typical of estate planning myths. Grandchildren only inherit assets if the adult children die before the grandparent. If you want your grandchildren to inherit assets, you need a “bloodline” trust. An estate planning attorney will help you accomplish this.

I only need a will and a trust for my estate plan. This is another big mistake. An estate plan includes documents for incapacity and end-of-life, including Power of Attorney, Health Care Power of Attorney, Advanced Directives and a Living Will Declaration.

Contact us to review your estate plan with one of our experienced estate planning attorneys.

Reference: Insurance News Net (March 15, 2023) “Debunking the Top 10 estate planning myths”

Sims & Campbell, LLC – Annapolis and Towson Estate Planning Attorneys

Transfer on-Death (TOD) and Payable-on-Death (POD) designations on financial accounts appear to be a simple way to avoid probate. However, they can still derail an estate plan if not coordinated with the overall plan, says a recent article from mondaq, “Transfer-on-Death Designations: A Word of Warning.”

Using a TOD or POD benefits the beneficiary and the account administrator, since both avoid unnecessary delays and court oversight of probate. In addition, designating a beneficiary on a TOD/POD account is usually fairly straightforward. Many financial institutions ask account owners to name a beneficiary whenever a new account is opened. However, the potential for undoing an estate plan can happen in several ways.

TOD/POD designations remove assets from the probate estate. If family members or trusts are included in an estate plan, but the TOD/POD designations direct most of the decedent’s assets to beneficiaries, the provisions of the estate plan may not be implemented. However, when thoughtfully prepared in tandem with the rest of the estate plan with an estate planning attorney, TOD/POD can be used effectively.

TOD/POD designations impact tax planning. For example, when an estate plan includes sophisticated tax planning, such as credit shelter trusts, marital trusts, or generation-skipping transfer (GST) trusts, a TOD/POD designation could prevent the implementation of these strategies.

If an estate plan provides for the creation of a GST trust, but the decedent’s financial account has a TOD/POD naming individuals, the assets will not pass to the intended trust under the terms of the estate plan. In addition to contradicting the estate plan, such a mistake can lead to unused tax exemptions.

TOD/POD designations can create liquidity problems in an estate. For example, suppose all or substantially all of an individual’s financial accounts pass by TOD/POD, leaving only illiquid assets, such as real estate or closely held business interests in the estate. In that case, the estate may not have enough cash to pay estate expenses or federal or estate taxes. If this occurs, the executor may need to recover necessary funds from the beneficiaries of TOD/POD accounts.

TOD/POD designations can undermine changes made to an estate plan. During the course of life, people’s circumstances and relationships change. It is easy to forget to update TOD/POD designations, especially if one’s estate planning attorney is not informed of assets being titled this way. An inadvertent omission increases the risk that a person’s wishes will not be fulfilled upon death.

Whenever considering putting a TOD/POD on a financial account, you must consider the impact doing so will have on your overall estate plan. Therefore, be sure to coordinate any such move with your estate planning attorney to be sure you are not undoing all the excellent planning that has been done to achieve your wishes.

Reference: mondaq (March 15, 2023) “Transfer-on-Death Designations: A Word of Warning”

Contact us to review your estate plan with one of our experienced estate planning attorneys

Sims & Campbell, LLC- Annapolis and Towson Estate Planning Attorneys

A will might be enough planning for simple situations. However, most people’s lives aren’t so simple anymore. You may want to consider a trust if you have a large estate, a second marriage, heirs with problems, children with special needs or charitable goals. The recent article, “Do I Need a Trust?” from Ag Web explains how this estate planning tool works.

Whether or not you need a trust is about money. However, it’s also about control, asset protection and about family relationships, especially for a family business, whether it is a farm, ranch, or privately held company.

First, let’s define a trust. A trust is a set of instructions for managing a legal entity owning the trust separate and apart from the individual. You could think of it as a mini corporation, a separate legal entity that owns property.

Most trusts are either revocable living trusts, irrevocable living trusts, or testamentary trusts. However, there’s more, mostly described by acronyms: CRAT, CRUT, GRIT, GRAT, IDGT, SLAT, ILIT, among others.

The basic trust is the revocable living trust. It can be controlled by the grantor and does not require a separate tax return. Upon the death of the grantor, it becomes irrevocable, and assets are transferred per its terms to beneficiaries.

Farmers and family business owners can benefit from a trust for two reasons:

• If assets are owned by the trust at death, they do not go through probate, keeping the assets and their transfer private.
• Administration of this trust moves at a faster pace than if the assets were to be included in the probate estate.

Once the trust is created, it’s very important to fund the trust. This is done by retitling assets in the proper name, which an estate planning attorney can help with. Everything needs to be retitled, but only once. If you need to make changes, depending upon the changes wished, you likely will only need to change the trust documents and not go through the retitling process again.

Trusts can be very simple, or they can be very sophisticated. It depends upon what the objectives are, the value of the assets being protected, the complexity of the business and the family dynamics.

As you go through the estate planning process, stay focused on big-picture goals, and consider the desired final results. Do you want to protect your business, so it passes easily from one generation to the next, or are you protecting assets from a litigious family member? These are all subjects to review in depth with an experienced estate planning attorney.

Reference: Ag Web (March 14, 2023) “Do I Need a Trust?”

Contact us to review your estate plan with one of our experienced estate planning attorneys

Sims & Campbell, LLC- Annapolis and Towson Estate Planning Attorneys

The Dallas Morning News’ recent article entitled “Owning your trust: Avoid these five common trust mistakes” explains these big mistakes frequently made with trusts.

Mistake 1: Failing to fund the trust. This involves transferring assets into the trust and managing assets with the trustee.   It also makes the assets subject to the trust’s terms. A trust without assets is a worthless piece of paper.

Mistake 2: Placing your homestead into the trust. For example, a homestead designation in Texas carries several benefits, like creditor protection, tax exemptions and bankruptcy protection. Those are lost when you put your homestead into a trust, unless it is a “qualifying trust.” If your homestead has a mortgage, transferring it into a trust may cause a default. A mortgage company may also refuse to refinance an existing mortgage or extend new financing on a homestead that is in a trust.

Mistake 3: Funding the trust with a vacation home. This can be a headache for the trust’s beneficiaries. Most of us don’t leave enough money in the trust to maintain the home in perpetuity. Your children and their spouses will fight over holiday usage. It ends up being an expensive albatross. If you decide to keep the property in the family, ask an experienced estate planning attorney about a family limited partnership or an LLC. However, before you take this step, ask your children if they want to keep it.

Mistake 4: Failing to understand the trust document. While most trusts are long, boring and contain provisions that make absolutely no sense to anyone but the IRS, if you rely on a trust for your financial future and legacy, you must know what it says and does.

Mistake 5: Failing to review the trust annually. A lot can change in a year, like assets, financial conditions, births, deaths, divorces, marriages, etc. These may require changes to your trust.

Contact us to review your estate plan with one of our experienced estate planning attorneys.

Reference: Dallas Morning News (March 12, 2023) “Owning your trust: Avoid these five common trust mistakes”

Sims & Campbell, LLC – Annapolis and Towson Estate Planning Attorneys

A qualified disability trust, or QDisT, qualifies for tax exemptions and applies to most trusts created for an individual with special needs. In most cases, explains a recent article from Investopedia, “Qualified Disability Trust: Meaning and Tax Requirements,” the person receiving income from the trust must pay income tax. However, in 2003, the IRS added a section allowing some disability trusts to reduce this tax liability. This is another example of why reviewing estate plans every few years is important.

Trusts need to meet several requirements to be considered qualified disability trusts for tax purposes. However, if a special needs trust meets these criteria, it could save a lot in taxes.

Most special needs trusts already meet the requirement to be treated as qualified disability trusts and can be reported as such at tax time. For 2022 tax year, the tax exemption for a QDisT is $4,400. For tax year 2023, the amount will increase to $4,700. Income from a QDisT is reported on IRS Form 1041, using an EIN, while distributions to the beneficiary will be taxed on their own 1040 form.

The best way to fully understand a QDisT is through an example. Let’s say a child is diagnosed with a disability, and their grandparents contribute $500,000 to an irrevocable special need’s trust the child’s parents have established for the child’s benefit. The trust generates $25,000 in annual income, and $10,000 is used annually for expenses from the child’s care and other needs.

Who pays the income tax bill on the trust’s gains? There are a few options.

The parents could include income from the trust as part of their taxes. This would be “on top” of their earned income, so they will pay their marginal tax on the $25,000 generated from the trust—paying $8,000 or more.

Alternatively, trust income spent for the child’s benefit can be taxed to the child—$10,000, as listed above. This would leave $15,000. However, this must be taxed to the trust. Trust income tax brackets are high and increase steeply. Paying this way could lead to higher taxes than if the parents paid the tax.

The QDisT was designed to alleviate this problem. QDisTs are entitled to the same exemption allowed to all individual taxpayers when filing a tax return. In 2012, for instance, the personal tax exemption was $3,800, so the first $3,800 of income from QDisTs wasn’t taxed.

The deduction for personal exemptions is suspended for tax years 2018 to 2025 by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, except the same law said that in any year there isn’t a personal exemption, the exemption will be allowed for a QDisT.

For tax year 2022, $4,400 is the indexed tax exemption amount for these trusts, including most special needs trusts. For tax year 2023, the amount will increase to $4,700.

To be reported as a qualified disability trust, specific requirements must be met:

• The trust must be irrevocable.
• The trust must be established for the sole benefit of the disabled beneficiary.
• The disabled beneficiary must be under age 65 when the trust is established.
• The beneficiary must have a disability included in the definition of disabled under the Social Security Act.
• The trust must be a third-party trust, meaning all funding must come from someone other than the disabled beneficiary.

An experienced estate planning attorney can help set up a special needs trust to meet the criteria for a QDisT and enjoy the tax benefits the statute grants.

Contact us to review your estate plan with one of our experienced estate planning attorneys.

Reference: Investopedia (March 4, 2023) “Qualified Disability Trust: Meaning and Tax Requirements”

Sims & Campbell, LLC – Annapolis and Towson Estate Planning Attorneys

As the number of people aged 65 plus continues to increase, more seniors realize they must address the cost of long-term health care, which can quickly devour assets intended for retirement or inheritances. Those who can prepare in advance do well to consider asset protection trusts, says the article “Asset protection is major concern of aging population” from The News Enterprise.

Asset protection trusts are irrevocable trusts in which another person manages the trust property and the person who created the trust—the grantor—is not entitled to the principal within the trust. There are several different types of irrevocable trusts used to protect assets. Still, one of the more frequently used irrevocable trusts for the purpose of protecting the grantor’s assets is the Intentionally Defective Grantor Trust, called IDGT for short.

As a side note, Revocable Living Trusts are completely different from Irrevocable Trusts and do not provide asset protection to grantors. Grantors placing their property into Revocable Living Trusts maintain the full right to control the property and use it for their own benefit, meaning any assets in the trust are not protected during the grantor’s lifetime.

IDGTs are irrevocable, and grantors have no right to principal and may not serve as a trustee, further limiting the grantors’ access to the property in the trust. Grantors may, however, receive any income from trust-owned property, such as rental properties or investment accounts.

During the grantor’s lifetime, any trust income is taxed at the grantor’s tax bracket rather than at the much higher trust tax bracket. Upon the grantor’s death, beneficiaries receive appreciated property at a stepped-up tax basis, avoiding a hefty capital gains tax.

While the term “irrevocable” makes some people nervous, most IDGTs have built-in flexibility and protections for grantors. One provision commonly included is a Testamentary Power of Appointment, which allows the grantor to change beneficiary designations.

IDGTs also include clauses providing for the grantors’ exclusive right to reside in the primary residence. However, if the grantor needs to change residences, the trustee may buy and sell property within the trust as needed.

IDGTs provide for two different types of beneficiaries: lifetime and after-death beneficiaries. Lifetime beneficiaries are those who will receive shares of the total estate upon the death of the grantor. Lifetime beneficiary provisions are important because they allow the grantor to make gifts from the trust principal. Hence, there is always at least one person who can receive the trust principal if need be.

Asset protection trusts are complicated and require the help of an experienced estate planning attorney. However, when used properly, they can offer protection from unanticipated creditors, long-term care costs and even unintended tax liabilities.

Reference: The News Enterprise (March 4, 2023) “Asset protection is major concern of aging population”

When a person dies, others are called upon to manage their estate. The executor, named in their will, oversees the distribution of assets. If they didn’t have a will, the court names an executor, sometimes referred to as an administrator. Beneficiaries are those designated to inherit the decedent’s assets, as explained in a recent article, “Executor vs. Beneficiary Rights: Estate Planning Guide” from Nasdaq.

The terms beneficiaries and heirs are used interchangeably. Beneficiaries are typically persons named in a legal document, such as a will or a trust. Life insurance policies, retirement accounts and bank accounts also have named beneficiaries to inherit the assets or proceeds. In the case of life insurance, it is on the death of the original owner. In most cases, the person making beneficiary designations has the right to change them.

State inheritance laws legally identify the heir as having the right to receive assets from a deceased person’s estate, usually their spouse, children, or other relatives.

The executor is appointed by the will or the court to oversee probate. This is where assets are inventoried, outstanding debts are paid and any remaining assets are distributed to heirs.

When having a will prepared by an experienced estate planning attorney, it’s possible to name a beneficiary as an executor. However, there are some pros and cons to doing this.

An executor who will benefit from the will could simplify things, if the estate is relatively straightforward. However, if the estate is large, or if other beneficiaries might challenge the will, it could get messy.

Executor tasks may include:

• Consulting with estate planning attorneys, accountants, financial advisors, and others whose services are needed in the probate process;
• Collect and inventory assets of the decedent;
• Give notice to creditors of the person’s death, so they may bring claims against the estate for any outstanding debts;
• Receive reimbursement for expenses paid to manage the estate, including professional fees;
• Collect a fee for their time and services provided as the executor, which could be a percentage of the estate or a flat fee, depending on what is permitted by state law and local custom.

Beneficiaries have certain rights:

• Receive assets from the estate they’re entitled to according to the terms of the will or state law in a timely manner;
• Request and receive information about the administration of the estate, including financial details;
• Request the removal of the executor.

Beneficiaries also have the right to sue the executor of an estate, if they believe a breach of fiduciary duty has occurred. The executor is a fiduciary, meaning they must act in the best interest of the beneficiaries or other persons represented in financial matters.

Executors can be sued only if there are grounds for doing so. For example, a beneficiary might have grounds to sue the executor if the executor:

• Fails to provide financial statements upon request.
• Delays distribution of assets for no reason.
• Favors one beneficiary over others when distributing assets.
• Mismanages or misuses estate assets for their benefit.
• Uses estate assets to make risky investments.
• Has an obvious conflict of interest because they are also beneficiaries of the estate.

Understanding the difference between executor vs. beneficiary rights is essential if you’ve been assigned either role. If you’re preparing a will with an experienced estate planning attorney, they will clarify these roles and help you determine the best candidate for executor.

Contact us to review your estate plan with one of our experienced estate planning attorneys.

Reference: Nasdaq (March 10, 2023) “Executor vs. Beneficiary Rights: Estate Planning Guide”

Sims & Campbell, LLC – Annapolis and Towson Estate Planning Attorneys